What is considered the foundation of sustainable landscapes?

• A. Artificial fertilizers
• B. Healthy living soils
• C. Excessive water use
• D. Monoculture planting

Answer: (B)

The foundation of sustainable landscapes is healthy living soils. Healthy soils are crucial because they provide the necessary nutrients, structure, and biological activity that support plant growth and ecosystem functions. These soils promote a diverse range of microorganisms that contribute to nutrient cycling and the breakdown of organic matter, enhancing soil fertility naturally.

In sustainable landscaping, the emphasis on building and maintaining healthy soils reduces the need for artificial fertilizers, which can lead to nutrient runoff and environmental degradation. Protecting and improving soil health also enables more efficient water use, as well-structured soils have better water retention and drainage properties, allowing plants to thrive with less irrigation. Additionally, a focus on healthy soils supports biodiversity, promoting a variety of plant species rather than relying on monoculture planting, which can weaken ecosystem resilience.

In contrast, excessive water use and artificial fertilizers can lead to problematic consequences for sustainable landscapes, such as increased erosion, nutrient pollution, and water waste, making them less ideal as foundational practices.