What feature of soils can excessive compaction negatively impact?

• A. Water holding capacity
• B. Nutrient levels
• C. Air space
• D. All of the above

Answer: (D)

Excessive compaction of soils can significantly impact various essential soil features, making it an important consideration in landscaping and land management practices. When soil becomes compacted, the particles are pressed together tightly, which reduces the soil's overall porosity. This results in decreased air space, limiting the oxygen available for plant roots and beneficial soil organisms.

The water holding capacity is also critically affected by compaction; when soils are compacted, their ability to retain water is diminished because the reduced pore spaces cannot hold as much water, leading to increased runoff and potential drought stress for plants.

Additionally, nutrient levels may be negatively affected. Compaction can hinder root growth and soil microbial activity, both of which are vital for nutrient uptake and availability. In compacted soils, nutrients may become less accessible to plants due to restricted movement in the soil matrix.

Given that all these factors are interconnected and can be adversely impacted by excessive compaction, the correct choice emphasizes that it is not just one feature but multiple aspects of soil health and functionality that are compromised.