What are the major components of soil?

• A. Air, Water, Organic Matter, Plant Matter
• B. Air, Water, Organic Matter, Mineral Matter
• C. Air, Water, Organic Matter, Microbial Matter
• D. Air, Water, Nutrients, Mineral Matter

Answer: (B)

The major components of soil are accurately represented by the choice that includes air, water, organic matter, and mineral matter. This is because these elements are essential in forming the soil matrix that supports plant growth and various ecological functions.

Air is crucial for the respiration of roots and soil organisms, helping to facilitate important biological processes. Water contributes to soil's ability to retain moisture, which is vital for plant health and nutrient transport. Organic matter, which includes decaying plant and animal materials, enhances soil fertility, structure, and moisture retention. Finally, mineral matter consists of weathered rock particles and minerals, providing essential nutrients to plants.

While other options may include elements like microbial matter or nutrients, they do not encompass the complete makeup of soil in the same way that organic and mineral matter do. Each of these components plays a significant role in the ecosystem and is fundamental to understanding soil chemistry and biology, particularly in the context of efficient landscaping practices that aim to conserve water and maintain healthy soils.